library(readxl) sp500 <- read_excel("D:/Programming Guide/data/sp500.xlsx") sp500$ret = c(NA,diff(log(sp500$sp500))) sp500 = sp500[-1,] quantile(sp500$ret,c(0.01,0.05,0.1)) qnorm(c(0.01,0.05,0.1),mean = mean(sp500$ret), sd = sd(sp500$ret))