KiVAKO: Chinese 1 and Chinese Characters 1, 5op
Grammar for Lesson 9
This text will cover the following topics:
- Question with "几 jǐ" (several, a few) or "多少 duōshǎo" (how many)
- Verb "有 yǒu" (to have)
- Measure words
- The "的 de" structure
- V + 一下
- The particle "了le"
1. Question with "几 jǐ (several, a few)" or " 多少duōshǎo" (how many)
The question pronouns "几 jǐ" or "多少 duōshǎo" are used to ask about numbers. The "几 jǐ" is often used to ask about numbers lesson than 10, and a measure word is needed between it and the noun. The " 多少 duōshǎo" may be used to ask about any number, and the measure word after it is optional.
-
几 + M + N
Nǐmen jiā yǒu jǐ kǒu rén
你们 家 有 几 口 人?
How many people are there in your family?
Wǒjiā yǒu sì kǒu rén.
我 家 有 四 口 人。
My family has four people. -
多少 (+M) + N
Fēnlán yǒu duōshǎo rén
芬兰 有 多少 人?
How many people are there in Finland?
Fēnlán yǒu hěnduō rén.
芬兰 有 很多 人。
There are many people in Finland.
2. Verb "有 yǒu" (to have)
In a sentence with 有 the predicate is formed by "有 + object", which indicates possession.
-
Wǒ yǒu yīgè péngyǒu
我 有 一个 朋友。(I have a friend.) -
Bàba yǒu chē
爸爸 有 车。(Father has a car.)
The negative form is 没有. In the negative sentence, the object after 有 does not need numeral-measure word.
-
Wǒ yǒu yīgè péngyǒu
我有 一个 朋友。(I have a friend.) - Wǒ méiyǒu péngyǒu 我 没有 朋友。(I don’t have friend.)
3. Measure words
4. The "的 de" structure
的 de is a possessive or modifying particle.
- Wǒ de māmā 我 的 妈妈 (my mom)
- Wǒ de péngyǒu 我 的 朋友 (my friend)
5. V + 一下
What is the meaning of the following
sentences?
- 妈妈 介绍 一下。
Māmā jièshào yīxià. - 他 介绍 一下。
Tā jièshào yīxià. - 我 见 一下 他。
Wǒ jiàn yīxià tā - 我们 认识 一下。
Wǒmen rènshí yīxià.
6. The particle "了 le"
The particle 了 le can be used after a verb to indicate realization or completion of an action. Expressing "already" with just "le" Subject + Verb Phrase + 了
-
Wǒ jièshào le Fēnlán
我 介绍 了 芬兰。
(I introduced Finland.)
When "了 le" is placed at the end of a sentence, it can indicate the occurrence of a new situation or that the situation has changed.
Verb + 了le + object (indicates past tense) |
Sentence final “了” provides new information |
Wǒ rènshì le Eeli 我 认识 了Eeli 。 I got to know Eeli. |
Wǒ rènshì Eeli le. 我 认识 Eeli 了。 I got to know Eeli whom I didn’t know before. |
Wǒ jiàn le tā 我 见 了 他。 I met him. |
Wǒ jiàn tā le 我 见 他 了。 I met him. (indicates a change for the listener.) |